Type of Media 5
Author 552
Date 7
Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature, 2012
By: Horn, Christoph (Ed.), Wilberding, James (Ed.)
Title Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature
Type Edited Book
Language English
Date 2012
Publication Place Oxford
Publisher Oxford University Press
Categories no categories
Author(s)
Editor(s) Horn, Christoph , Wilberding, James
Translator(s)
Despite Platonism’s unquestioned claim to being one of the most influential movements in the history of philosophy, for a long time the conventional wisdom was that Platonists of late antiquity—or Neoplatonists—were so focused on other-worldly metaphysics that they simply neglected any serious study of the sensible world, which after all is ‘merely’ an image of the intelligible world, and only recently has this conventional wisdom begun to be dispelled. In fact, precisely because these thinkers did see the sensible world as an image of the intelligible world, they devoted much time and energy to understanding its inner workings. Thus we find Neoplatonists writing on embryology, physiology, meteorology, astronomy, and much else. This volume collects essays by leading international scholars in the field that shed new light on how these thinkers sought to understand and explain nature and natural phenomena. It is thematically divided into two parts, with the first part—‘The general metaphysics of Nature’—directed at the explication of central Neoplatonic metaphysical doctrines and their relation to the natural world, and the second part—’Platonic approaches to individual sciences’—showing how these same doctrines play out in individual natural sciences such as elemental physics, geography, and biology. Together these essays show that a serious examination of Neoplatonic natural philosophy has far-reaching consequences for our general understanding of the metaphysics of Platonism, as well as for our evaluation of their place in the history of science.

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When should a philosopher consult divination? Epictetus and Simplicius on fate and what is up to us, 2012
By: Gabor, Gary, Hoine, Pieter d' (Ed.), Van Riel, Gerd (Ed.)
Title When should a philosopher consult divination? Epictetus and Simplicius on fate and what is up to us
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2012
Published in Fate, providence and moral responsibility in ancient, medieval and early modern thought. Studies in honour of Carlos Steel
Pages 325-340
Categories no categories
Author(s) Gabor, Gary
Editor(s) Hoine, Pieter d' , Van Riel, Gerd
Translator(s)
At Enchiridion § 32, Epictetus raises the question of whether, and under what conditions, one should consult the art of divination (μαντική). Epictetus’ answer, along with Simplicius’ commentary on the passage four centuries later, provides a glimpse into late antique conceptions of fate, providence, and human responsi-bility. While united in a general acceptance of divination as an authentic science, doctrinal differences between Epictetus’ Stoicism and Simplicius’ Neoplatonism lead them to interpret the philosophical significance of the practice in different ways. As determinists who believed in an all-embracing conception of fate, the Stoics believed divination could facilitate the task of the sage living in accordance with that fate.1 But how exactly it does so requires explication since the philoso-pher in Epictetus’ view does not seek the same thing from divination as most other people. What then does one gain from the art? [Author's abstract]

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Epictetus and Simplicius on fate and what is up to us","main_title":{"title":"When should a philosopher consult divination? Epictetus and Simplicius on fate and what is up to us"},"abstract":"At Enchiridion \u00a7 32, Epictetus raises the question of whether, and under what conditions, one should consult the art of divination (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae). Epictetus\u2019 answer, along with Simplicius\u2019 commentary on the passage four centuries later, provides a glimpse into late antique conceptions of fate, providence, and human responsi-bility. While united in a general acceptance of divination as an authentic science, doctrinal differences between Epictetus\u2019 Stoicism and Simplicius\u2019 Neoplatonism lead them to interpret the philosophical significance of the practice in different ways. As determinists who believed in an all-embracing conception of fate, the Stoics believed divination could facilitate the task of the sage living in accordance with that fate.1 But how exactly it does so requires explication since the philoso-pher in Epictetus\u2019 view does not seek the same thing from divination as most other people. What then does one gain from the art? [Author's abstract]","btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"English","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/vKpFUeCtW419Tog","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":106,"full_name":"Gabor, Gary ","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}},{"id":104,"full_name":"Hoine, Pieter d' ","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}},{"id":105,"full_name":"Van Riel, Gerd ","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}}],"book":null,"booksection":{"id":591,"section_of":258,"pages":"325-340","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":258,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":null,"type":4,"language":"en","title":"Fate, providence and moral responsibility in ancient, medieval and early modern thought. Studies in honour of Carlos Steel","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"d_hoine2014","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2014","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":"This book forms a major contribution to the discussion on fate, providence and moral responsibility in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Early Modern times. Through 37 original papers, renowned scholars from many different countries, as well as a number of young and promising researchers, write the history of the philosophical problems of freedom and determinism since its origins in pre-socratic philosophy up to the seventeenth century.\r\nThe main focus points are classic Antiquity (Plato and Aristotle), the Neoplatonic synthesis of late Antiquity (Plotinus, Proclus, Simplicius), and thirteenth-century scholasticism (Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent). They do not only represent key moments in the intellectual history of the West, but are also the central figures and periods to which Carlos Steel, the dedicatary of this volume, has devoted his philosophical career. ","republication_of":null,"online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/vVgrr5Q5jgfXU5x","translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":258,"pubplace":"Leuven","publisher":"Leuven University Press","series":"Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, Series 1","volume":"49","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[2012]}

Intelligibles = Sinnliches? Simplikios' differenzierter Umgang mit Aristoteles' Parmenides-Kritik, 2012
By: Drews, Friedemann
Title Intelligibles = Sinnliches? Simplikios' differenzierter Umgang mit Aristoteles' Parmenides-Kritik
Type Article
Language German
Date 2012
Journal Rheinisches Museum für Philologie
Volume 155
Issue 3/4
Pages 389-412
Categories no categories
Author(s) Drews, Friedemann
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
Simplikios nimmt Parmenides sowohl vor dem potentiellen Vorwurf, er würde nicht hinreichend zwischen Intelligiblem und Sinnlichem unterscheiden, in Schutz als auch integriert er Aristoteles' Kritik im Sinne einer potentiellen Missverständnissen vor beugenden Vorsichtsmaßnahme in seine neuplatonische Parmeni des-Interpretation und weist ihr so einen berechtigten Platz zu. Simplikios' Gründe dafür erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund seines neuplatonischen Denkens plausibel. Ob seine Parmenides-Interpretation als solche dem Eleaten gerecht wird, ist eine andere Frage; zumindest würde Simplikios gegenüber einer Deutung des parmenideischen Seins-Begriffs in dem Sinne, dass „jeder Gegenstand, den wir untersuchen, existieren muß", wohl einwenden wollen, dass dies einer Reduktion von Parmenides' το έόν auf ein abstraktes Erkenntniskriterium gleichkäme, dessen eigene, nur für das νοεΐν erkennbare Seinsfülle dann aus dem Blick geraten wäre. Auch erschiene es in dieser Perspektive fraglich, warum zum Erschließen eines allgemeinen Existenz-Postulats ein Weg „fernab der Menschen" eingeschlagen werden musste oder gar eine göttliche Offenbarung des „unerschütterlichen Herzens der wohlüberzeugenden Wahrheit", von der Parmenides schreibt, nötig war. [conclusion, p. 410-411]

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Mathematical Explanation and the Philosphy of Nature in Late Ancient Philosophy: Astronomy and the Theory of the Elements, 2012
By: Opsomer, Jan
Title Mathematical Explanation and the Philosphy of Nature in Late Ancient Philosophy: Astronomy and the Theory of the Elements
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale
Volume 23
Pages 65-106
Categories no categories
Author(s) Opsomer, Jan
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
Late ancient Platonists discuss two theories in which geometric entities explain natural phenomena : the regular polyhedra of geometric atomism and the eccentrics and epicycles of astronomy. Simplicius explicitly compares the status of the first to the hypotheses of the astronomers. The point of comparison is the fallibility of both theories, not the (lack of) reality of the entities postulated. Simplicius has strong realist commitments as far as astronomy is concerned. Syrianus and Proclus too do not consider the polyhedra as devoid of physical reality. Proclus rejects epicycles and eccentrics, but accepts the reality of material homocentric spheres, moved by their own souls. The spheres move the astral objects contained in them, which, however, add motions caused by their own souls. The epicyclical and eccntric hypotheses are useful, as they help us to understand the complex motions resulting from the interplay of spherical motions and volitional motions of the planets. Yet astral souls do not think in accordance with human theoretical constructs, but rather grasp the complex patterns of their motions directly. Our understanding of astronomy depends upon our own cognition of intelligible patterns and their mathematical images. [Author's abstract]

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Self-motion according to Iamblichus, 2012
By: Opsomer, Jan
Title Self-motion according to Iamblichus
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal Elenchos
Volume 33
Issue 2
Pages 259-290
Categories no categories
Author(s) Opsomer, Jan
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
Iamblichus' theory of self-motion has to be pieced together from various texts and passing remarks. Ever since Aristotle's critique, Plato's concept of the self-motive soul was felt to be problematic. Taking his lead from Plotinus, Iamblichus counters Aristotle's criticism by claiming that true self-motion transcends the opposition between activity and passivity. He moreover argues that it does not involve motion that is spatially extended. Hence it is non-physical. Primary self-motion is the reversion of the soul to itself, by which the soul constitutes itself, i.e. imparts life to itself. This motion is located at the level of essence or substance. The bestowal of life upon the body derives from this fundamental motion. As a result, animals are derivatively self-motive. Secondary self-motions are acts of thought in the broad sense. Contrary to the unmoved motion of intellect, the self-motion of the soul is not beyond time. This somehow fits Iamblichus' theory of the “changing self”. Iamblichus anticipates much of the later Platonic accounts of self-motion. [Author's abstract]

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What does Aristotle categorize? Semantics and the early peripatetic reading of the "Categories", 2012
By: Griffin, Michael J.
Title What does Aristotle categorize? Semantics and the early peripatetic reading of the "Categories"
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
Volume 55
Issue 1
Pages 69-108
Categories no categories
Author(s) Griffin, Michael J.
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
One of the more provocative mysteries of later ancient philosophy is how Porphyiy came to situate the Categories of Aristotle at the outset of the nascent Neoplatonic curriculum. After all, the Categories tends to strike modem readers as a temperamentally counter-Platonic work, in which Aristotle grants ontological priority to perceptible subjects over intelligible genera and species, and we are led to wonder how a Platonist would be motivated to encourage its use as a general introduction to philosophy. The commentary tradition has left us with several layers of evidence for Porphyry's reasoning. First, in answer to the general question "Why should a philosopher study the Categories?" we have Porphyry's assertion that the ten Aristotelian schemata of predication carve the genera of being accurately at the joints (in Cat. 58,5-59,33), that this isomorphism between kind of simple referring terms and kinds of beings facilitates human knowledge, and that the philosopher's path therefore begins from the correct inteipretation of the Categories (see for example T9-11, discussed below). Second, in response to the question 'Why is the Categories compatible with Platonism?’, we have Porphyry’s account that the Categories introduces the student to the study of referring terms, which refer primarily to perceptible beings; after we have grasped the correct application of language to perceptibles, however, we are prepared to 'ascend by analogy’ to the study of intelligibles, which is Plato’s ambit. But this pedagogical solution, while it jibes elegantly with Porphyry!s decision to bracket metaphysical questions from introductory logic {cf. Isagoge 4,10-15, with Barnes 2003 ad loc.), also suggests a tension between two layers of Porphyry’s thought about die Categories. On the one hand, we are motivated to read the treatise because its divisions ofmeaningful language exhaustively and accurately picture being; on the other hand, we acknowledge that the text has nothing to say about die most important kind of being, namely intelligible being. In other words, Porphyry’s leading argument in favour of studying the Categories (its comprehensiveness) seems like a strange bedfellow for his leading argument in favour of its compatibility with Platonism (its restrictedness); and the source of this general tension is the first puzzle that I would like to explore in this essay. [Introduction, pp. 69 f.]

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Self-motion and reflection: Hermias and Proclus on the harmony of Plato and Aristotle on the soul, 2012
By: Menn, Stephen, Horn, Christoph (Ed.), Wilberding, James (Ed.)
Title Self-motion and reflection: Hermias and Proclus on the harmony of Plato and Aristotle on the soul
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2012
Published in Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature
Pages 44-67
Categories no categories
Author(s) Menn, Stephen
Editor(s) Horn, Christoph , Wilberding, James
Translator(s)
A central puzzle of recent scholarship on late Neoplatonism has been to understand how what Richard Sorabji has called a ‘perfectly crazy position', the thesis of die harmony of Plato and Aristode, nonetheless ‘proved philosophically fruitful' — whereas, for instance, the same philosophers' perfectly crazy thesis of the harmony of Plato and Homer did not. In this chapter, starting from Hermias' commentary on a passage of the Phaedrus which poses a difficulty for harmonization, I hope to shed some light on what the late Neoplatonists were asserting when they asserted the harmony of Plato and Aristotle, in general or on some particular issue (here the immortality of soul); on why they were inclined to make such assertions o f harmony, and what they saw themselves as needing to do in order to defend them: and on why,in the process of defending them, they were led to conceptual clarifications which were in some cases of longstanding benefit to the conceptual stoic of philosophy. I will point to a sur­ prising case of such a conceptual benefit resulting from Neoplatonic interpretations of this Pimdtus passage and its parallels in the Timaeus. While my central example will be from Hermias, the themes I am interested in ate not peculiar to him, and I will also make use of other late Neoplatonic authors, especially Proclus. Hermias, and Produs, to recall, were both students of Syrianus;at one point in Hermias' commentary 'our companion Proclus' raises an aporia, and ‘the philosopher'— that is, ‘the professor — replies (92,6-10 Couvrcur), which seems to imply that the commentary in general was drawn by Hermias from Syrianus lectures. [Introduction, pp. 44 f.]

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In this chapter, starting from Hermias' commentary on a passage of the Phaedrus which poses a difficulty for harmonization, I hope to shed some light on what the late Neoplatonists were asserting when they asserted the harmony \r\nof Plato and Aristotle, in general or on some particular issue (here the immortality of soul); on why they were inclined to make such assertions o f harmony, and what they saw themselves as needing to do in order to defend them: and on why,in the process of defending them, they were led to conceptual clarifications which were in some cases of longstanding benefit to the conceptual stoic of philosophy. I will point to a sur\u00ad\r\nprising case of such a conceptual benefit resulting from Neoplatonic interpretations of this Pimdtus passage and its parallels in the Timaeus. While my central example will be from Hermias, the themes I am interested in ate not peculiar to him, and I will also \r\nmake use of other late Neoplatonic authors, especially Proclus. Hermias, and Produs, to recall, were both students of Syrianus;at one point in Hermias' commentary 'our companion Proclus' raises an aporia, and \u2018the philosopher'\u2014 that is, \u2018the professor \u2014 replies (92,6-10 Couvrcur), which seems to imply that the commentary in general was drawn by Hermias from Syrianus lectures. [Introduction, pp. 44 f.]","btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"English","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/x0FYbwRgOdH8WM2","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":255,"full_name":"Menn, Stephen","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}},{"id":256,"full_name":"Horn, Christoph","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}},{"id":257,"full_name":"Wilberding, James","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}}],"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1164,"section_of":299,"pages":"44-67","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":299,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":null,"type":4,"language":"en","title":"Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"Horn\/Wilberding2012","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2012","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":"Despite Platonism\u2019s unquestioned claim to being one of the most influential movements in the history of philosophy, for a long time the conventional wisdom was that Platonists of late antiquity\u2014or Neoplatonists\u2014were so focused on other-worldly metaphysics that they simply neglected any serious study of the sensible world, which after all is \u2018merely\u2019 an image of the intelligible world, and only recently has this conventional wisdom begun to be dispelled. In fact, precisely because these thinkers did see the sensible world as an image of the intelligible world, they devoted much time and energy to understanding its inner workings. Thus we find Neoplatonists writing on embryology, physiology, meteorology, astronomy, and much else. This volume collects essays by leading international scholars in the field that shed new light on how these thinkers sought to understand and explain nature and natural phenomena. It is thematically divided into two parts, with the first part\u2014\u2018The general metaphysics of Nature\u2019\u2014directed at the explication of central Neoplatonic metaphysical doctrines and their relation to the natural world, and the second part\u2014\u2019Platonic approaches to individual sciences\u2019\u2014showing how these same doctrines play out in individual natural sciences such as elemental physics, geography, and biology. Together these essays show that a serious examination of Neoplatonic natural philosophy has far-reaching consequences for our general understanding of the metaphysics of Platonism, as well as for our evaluation of their place in the history of science.","republication_of":null,"online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/xHUG6gdrtjMT7K4","translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":299,"pubplace":"Oxford","publisher":"Oxford University Press","series":"","volume":"","edition_no":null,"valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":[2012]}

Alexander on Physics 2.9, 2012
By: Sharples, Robert W.
Title Alexander on Physics 2.9
Type Article
Language English
Date 2012
Journal Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies
Volume 55
Issue 1
Pages 19-30
Categories no categories
Author(s) Sharples, Robert W.
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
I want to draw your attention today to a report of Alexander in Simplicius’s Physics commentary which, as far as I can tell, has escaped the notice of everyone, myself included - and I have rather less excuse than most, for, as we shall see, the report connects directly with issues about which I have written in other contexts. That was concerned with On coming-to-be and passing-away [hereafter GC] 2.11, with Philoponus’s commentary thereon, and with Alexander’s discussion in some of the Quaestiones\ the present paper, with Simplicius’s help, extends the discussion to Physics 2.9; Alexander’s GC commentary, and the relevant part of his Physics commentary, are lost. [Introduction, p. 19]

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Aristotelian objections and post-Aristotelian responses to Plato's elemental theory, 2012
By: Mueller, Ian, Wilberding, James (Ed.), Horn, Christoph (Ed.)
Title Aristotelian objections and post-Aristotelian responses to Plato's elemental theory
Type Book Section
Language English
Date 2012
Published in Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature
Pages 129-146
Categories no categories
Author(s) Mueller, Ian
Editor(s) Wilberding, James , Horn, Christoph
Translator(s)
Aristotle and Plato advanced very different theories of the traditional four elements. Whereas Plato in his Timaeus proposes a geometrical theory of these elements, Aristotle in his On the Heavens (and On Generation and Corruption) offers a qualitative analysis and offers a series of objections to Plato’s theory. These objections provided later Platonists with the opportunity to defend Plato against and possibly harmonize him with Aristotle. This paper explores Simplicius’ responses to Aristotle one by one, paying particular attention to the brand of scientific discourse that he engages in with Proclus, and to how different commitments to harmonization affect their responses to these objections. [Author’s abstract]

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Whereas Plato in his Timaeus proposes a geometrical theory of these elements, Aristotle in his On the Heavens (and On Generation and Corruption) offers a qualitative analysis and offers a series of objections to Plato\u2019s theory. These objections provided later Platonists with the opportunity to defend Plato against and possibly harmonize him with Aristotle. This paper explores Simplicius\u2019 responses to Aristotle one by one, paying particular attention to the brand of scientific discourse that he engages in with Proclus, and to how different commitments to harmonization affect their responses to these objections. [Author\u2019s abstract]","btype":2,"date":"2012","language":"English","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/QlpIOoX7gUxpkrf","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":270,"full_name":"Mueller, Ian","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}},{"id":257,"full_name":"Wilberding, James","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}},{"id":256,"full_name":"Horn, Christoph","role":{"id":2,"role_name":"editor"}}],"book":null,"booksection":{"id":812,"section_of":299,"pages":"129-146","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":299,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":null,"type":4,"language":"en","title":"Neoplatonism and the Philosophy of Nature","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"Horn\/Wilberding2012","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2012","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2012","abstract":"Despite Platonism\u2019s unquestioned claim to being one of the most influential movements in the history of philosophy, for a long time the conventional wisdom was that Platonists of late antiquity\u2014or Neoplatonists\u2014were so focused on other-worldly metaphysics that they simply neglected any serious study of the sensible world, which after all is \u2018merely\u2019 an image of the intelligible world, and only recently has this conventional wisdom begun to be dispelled. In fact, precisely because these thinkers did see the sensible world as an image of the intelligible world, they devoted much time and energy to understanding its inner workings. Thus we find Neoplatonists writing on embryology, physiology, meteorology, astronomy, and much else. This volume collects essays by leading international scholars in the field that shed new light on how these thinkers sought to understand and explain nature and natural phenomena. It is thematically divided into two parts, with the first part\u2014\u2018The general metaphysics of Nature\u2019\u2014directed at the explication of central Neoplatonic metaphysical doctrines and their relation to the natural world, and the second part\u2014\u2019Platonic approaches to individual sciences\u2019\u2014showing how these same doctrines play out in individual natural sciences such as elemental physics, geography, and biology. 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Un philosophe plus poète (Simplicius, "Com. in Ar. Phys." 24, 20 / DK 12 A 9), 2012
By: Santoro, Fernando
Title Un philosophe plus poète (Simplicius, "Com. in Ar. Phys." 24, 20 / DK 12 A 9)
Type Article
Language French
Date 2012
Journal Revue de Philosophie Ancienne
Volume 30
Issue 1
Pages 3-22
Categories no categories
Author(s) Santoro, Fernando
Editor(s)
Translator(s)
This paper is about the meaning and implication for Presocratics modem exegesis of a comment made by Simplicius about the vocabulary of a passage from Anaximander, which he has just quoted. Simplicius says that Anaximander wrote his sentence about nature of beings in more poetics terms: ποιητικωτέροις ούτως όνόμασιν αΰτά λέγων. In their remarks on the passage, Nietzsche and Heidegger not only drew attention to the words and thought of Anaximander, but also made us look at that simple comment, that « hiccup » of thought in Simplicius. What is it for a philosopher to speak in a more poetic way? We propose to understand that it does not imply the use of images or allégories, but a very original way of interacting and thinking in universal terms. [Author’s abstract]

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  • PAGE 21 OF 93
Die Schrift De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia in der neueren Forschung, 1974
By: Wiesner, Jürgen, Wiesner, Jürgen (Ed.)
Title Die Schrift De Melisso Xenophane Gorgia in der neueren Forschung
Type Book Section
Language German
Date 1974
Published in PS.-Aristoteles, MXG : Der historische Wert des Xenophanesreferats. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Eleatismus
Pages 17-41
Categories no categories
Author(s) Wiesner, Jürgen
Editor(s) Wiesner, Jürgen
Translator(s) 

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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                                 Die Stellung des Neuplatonikers Simplikios zum Verhältnis der Philosophie zu Religion und Theurgie, 2002

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Hadot, Ilsetraut,                                                                                                                                                                                 Kobusch, Theo (Ed.),                                                                                                                                                                                 Erler, Michael (Ed.)                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Stellung des Neuplatonikers Simplikios zum Verhältnis der Philosophie zu Religion und Theurgie
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Book Section
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2002
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Published in
                                                            Metaphysik und Religion: Zur Signatur des spätantiken Denkens / Akten des Internationalen Kongresses vom 13.-17. März 2001 in Würzburg
                                                        

                                                                                                                    

                                                                Pages
                                                                323-342
                                                            

                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                
                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Hadot, Ilsetraut 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kobusch, Theo
                                                                                                                            , Erler, Michael
                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
Der Epiktetkommentar ist dazu  bestimmt,  dem Leser die  sittlichen Grundhaltungen zu vermitteln,  ohne die es  für ihn  nicht  för­derlich ist, ein Studium der Philosophie zu beginnen. Da es sich somit um eine allgemein gehaltene Einfüh­rung handelt, die den Erwerb der bürgerlichen Tugenden mit Hilfe der neuplato­nischen Kommentierung des Handbüchleins des  Epiktet  zum Ziel  hat wird  im Verfolg des zu kommentierenden Textes eine breite Palette von philosophischen Fragen  kurz  angesprochen,  ohne  in  die  Tiefen  des  philosophischen  Systems vorzudringen.  Es  ist  daher unerlässlich,  bei  der  Interpretierung  des Epiktetkommentars über die traditionellen neuplatonischen Lehren informiert zu  sein,  wenn man  den  dogmatischen  Hintergrund  der  Darlegungen  des  Simplikios  erfassen will: Die  Aneignung  der  ersten  Stufe  des  neuplatoni­schen Tugendkanons,  der politischen  Tugenden,  die  erklärterweise  das Ziel  des Kommentars  zum  Handbüchlein  des  Epiktet  ist,  geht mit der Ausübung  der Kultriten  einher,  wenn  sie  wohl  auch  im  allgemeinen  zur Zeit  des  Simplikios  nur  noch  im  privaten  Rahmen  stattfinden  konnten.  Es  gibt keine  Anhaltspunkte  dafür,  daß  Simplikios eine  im  Vergleich  zu  Jamblich,  Hierokles  und  Proklos  abweichende  Haltung  gegenüber  dem  Verhältnis  der  Philo­sophie  zu  Religion  und  Theurgie  eingenommen  hätte,  d.h.  daß,  bei  aller  Wich­tigkeit und Unerlässlichkeit der Theurgie, auch für  ihn die  Philosophie  mit  ihrer rationalen  Erfassung  der metaphysischen Themen eine  unabdingbare  Vorausset­zung bleibt. [Author's abstract]

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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Da es sich somit um eine allgemein gehaltene Einf\u00fch\u00adrung handelt, die den Erwerb der b\u00fcrgerlichen Tugenden mit Hilfe der neuplato\u00adnischen Kommentierung des Handb\u00fcchleins des  Epiktet  zum Ziel  hat wird  im Verfolg des zu kommentierenden Textes eine breite Palette von philosophischen Fragen  kurz  angesprochen,  ohne  in  die  Tiefen  des  philosophischen  Systems vorzudringen.  Es  ist  daher unerl\u00e4sslich,  bei  der  Interpretierung  des Epiktetkommentars \u00fcber die traditionellen neuplatonischen Lehren informiert zu  sein,  wenn man  den  dogmatischen  Hintergrund  der  Darlegungen  des  Simplikios  erfassen will: Die  Aneignung  der  ersten  Stufe  des  neuplatoni\u00adschen Tugendkanons,  der politischen  Tugenden,  die  erkl\u00e4rterweise  das Ziel  des Kommentars  zum  Handb\u00fcchlein  des  Epiktet  ist,  geht mit der Aus\u00fcbung  der Kultriten  einher,  wenn  sie  wohl  auch  im  allgemeinen  zur Zeit  des  Simplikios  nur  noch  im  privaten  Rahmen  stattfinden  konnten.  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                                 Die Welt, Ungeworden und Unvergänglch: Interpretation und Textkritik zu Aristoteles, De caelo A 11-12, 1969

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Mau, Jürgen                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Welt, Ungeworden und Unvergänglch: Interpretation und Textkritik zu Aristoteles, De caelo A 11-12
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Article
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        1969
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Journal
                                                            Hermes
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Volume
                                                            97
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Issue
                                                            2
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Pages
                                                            198-204
                                                        

                                                    
                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Mau, Jürgen 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
Das Thema für Kap.  n — 12 ist am Schluß von  Kap.  10 gegeben;  280a 28: 
»Einige  vertreten  die  Ansicht,  etwas  dem Werden  nicht  Unterliegendes  (aye- 
vy)tov) könne vergehen, und etwas Entstandenes könne unvergänglich bestehen 
bleiben,  wie im Timaios.  Dort  nämlich sagt  (Platon),  der Himmel sei zwar ge­
worden,  indessen  werde  er  die  übrige  immerwährende  Zeit  existieren.  Mit 
diesen haben wir uns bisher nur unter physikalischen  Gesichtspunkten betreffs 
des  Himmels  auseinandergesetzt.  Nachdem  wir  die  Untersuchung  aber  allge­
mein über alles angestellt haben, wird auch hierüber Klarheit sein.«Wir  dürfen  also  eine  Argumentation  erwarten,  der  Form:  »Wenn  für  jedes 
Subjekt  gilt:  Es  kann  nicht  geworden  und  unvergänglich  sein,  dann  gilt  es 
auch für den Himmel.  Nun gilt es für jedes,  also auch für den  Himmel.« Dieser 
Beweis  —  besser:  diese  Beweise,  denn  es  handelt  sich  nicht  um  eine  elemen- 
tatio,  wie  Aristoteles  sie  für  die  Geometrie  kannte  und  wie,  aus  Aristoteles 
schöpfend,  700  Jahre  später  Proklos  sie  für  Physik  und  Theologie  schrieb, 
—   finden  sich  in  Kap.  12... [p. 198]

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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                                 Die Widerlegung des Manichäismus im Epiktetkommentar des Simplikios, 1969

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Hadot, Ilsetraut                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Widerlegung des Manichäismus im Epiktetkommentar des Simplikios
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Article
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        1969
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Journal
                                                            Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Volume
                                                            51
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Issue
                                                            1
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Pages
                                                            31-57
                                                        

                                                    
                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Hadot, Ilsetraut 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
Die Widerlegung des Manichäismus im Kommentar des Simplikios zu Epiktet von Ilsetraut Hadot ist eine Studie über die Existenz und den Ursprung des Bösen, ein Thema, das im Encheiridion des Epiktet seinen Platz findet. Hadot zeigt, dass Simplikios mit Epiktet in der Ablehnung des ontologischen Charakters des Bösen übereinstimmt, da die Natur des Bösen keinen Platz in der Welt hat, und er verwendet auch stoische Argumente, die auch im Neuplatonismus und im Christentum verwendet werden, um das Thema zu behandeln. Simplikios argumentiert gegen das manichäische System mit einem polemischen Ton, der den polemischen Werken anderer Autoren gegen die Manichäer ähnelt. Simplikios hält die gründliche Widerlegung des manichäischen Systems für notwendig, insbesondere seit dem Wiederaufleben der Manichäer im byzantinischen Reich. Simplikios' Kommentar soll als Anleitung zur Selbstvervollkommnung dienen, und aus diesem Grund bietet er nicht nur eine umfassende Diskussion über den Ursprung des Bösen, sondern widmet auch einen beträchtlichen Teil seines Werks der gründlichen Widerlegung des manichäischen Systems. Simplikios stützt sich bei seiner Argumentation auf das philosophische System von Proklos und erwähnt die Manichäer nur im zweiten Teil seiner Erörterung, in dem er die Hypothese widerlegt, dass das Böse als Prinzip neben dem Guten angesehen werden kann. [introduction/conclusion]

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
{"_index":"sire","_type":"_doc","_id":"1131","_score":null,"_source":{"id":1131,"authors_free":[{"id":1706,"entry_id":1131,"agent_type":null,"is_normalised":null,"person_id":4,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Hadot, Ilsetraut","free_first_name":"Ilsetraut","free_last_name":"Hadot","norm_person":{"id":4,"first_name":"Ilsetraut","last_name":"Hadot","full_name":"Hadot, Ilsetraut","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/107415011","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}],"entry_title":"Die Widerlegung des Manich\u00e4ismus im Epiktetkommentar des Simplikios","main_title":{"title":"Die Widerlegung des Manich\u00e4ismus im Epiktetkommentar des Simplikios"},"abstract":"Die Widerlegung des Manich\u00e4ismus im Kommentar des Simplikios zu Epiktet von Ilsetraut Hadot ist eine Studie \u00fcber die Existenz und den Ursprung des B\u00f6sen, ein Thema, das im Encheiridion des Epiktet seinen Platz findet. Hadot zeigt, dass Simplikios mit Epiktet in der Ablehnung des ontologischen Charakters des B\u00f6sen \u00fcbereinstimmt, da die Natur des B\u00f6sen keinen Platz in der Welt hat, und er verwendet auch stoische Argumente, die auch im Neuplatonismus und im Christentum verwendet werden, um das Thema zu behandeln. Simplikios argumentiert gegen das manich\u00e4ische System mit einem polemischen Ton, der den polemischen Werken anderer Autoren gegen die Manich\u00e4er \u00e4hnelt. Simplikios h\u00e4lt die gr\u00fcndliche Widerlegung des manich\u00e4ischen Systems f\u00fcr notwendig, insbesondere seit dem Wiederaufleben der Manich\u00e4er im byzantinischen Reich. Simplikios' Kommentar soll als Anleitung zur Selbstvervollkommnung dienen, und aus diesem Grund bietet er nicht nur eine umfassende Diskussion \u00fcber den Ursprung des B\u00f6sen, sondern widmet auch einen betr\u00e4chtlichen Teil seines Werks der gr\u00fcndlichen Widerlegung des manich\u00e4ischen Systems. Simplikios st\u00fctzt sich bei seiner Argumentation auf das philosophische System von Proklos und erw\u00e4hnt die Manich\u00e4er nur im zweiten Teil seiner Er\u00f6rterung, in dem er die Hypothese widerlegt, dass das B\u00f6se als Prinzip neben dem Guten angesehen werden kann. [introduction\/conclusion]","btype":3,"date":"1969","language":"German","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/HFw9upuC8f3LCzo","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":4,"full_name":"Hadot, Ilsetraut","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}}],"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":1131,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie","volume":"51","issue":"1","pages":"31-57"}},"sort":["Die Widerlegung des Manich\u00e4ismus im Epiktetkommentar des Simplikios"]}

                                    

                                

                            

                        

                    

                                    

                        
                            


                                 Die philosophischen Kommentare aus der Antike. Ein Überblick mit ausgewählten Literaturangaben, 2007

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Perkams, Matthias                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die philosophischen Kommentare aus der Antike. Ein Überblick mit ausgewählten Literaturangaben
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Article
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2007
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Journal
                                                            Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Philosophie
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Volume
                                                            32
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Issue
                                                            1
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Pages
                                                            51-79
                                                        

                                                    
                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Perkams, Matthias 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

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Überblick mit Bibliographie

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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                                 Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione, 2001

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Rashed, Marwan                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Monograph
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2001
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Publication Place
                                                            Wiesbaden
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Publisher
                                                            Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Series
                                                            Serta Graeca. Beiträge zur Erforschung griechischer Texte
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Volume
                                                            12
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rashed, Marwan 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
In seiner Schrift „De generatione et corruptione“ entwickelt Aristoteles seine Antworten auf die Aporien, die sich aus dem Begriff des Werdens ergeben. Dabei geht es ihm ebenso darum, analytisch – und dies im angelsächsischen Sinne des Wortes – das gesamte Bedeutungsspektrum des griechischen Verbes „genesthai“ zu klären und zu ordnen, wie darum, auf rein physikalischer Ebene allgemeine Betrachtungen zur Einführung in die physiologischen Studien des biologischen Corpus anzustellen.
Die philosophische Überlieferung hat, mehr oder minder bewusst, immer erkannt, dass es in Aristoteles Schrift um die Machbarkeit und den Platz einer physikalischen Untersuchung des Lebendigen ging und – unter monotheistischen Vorzeichen – um das Verhältnis Gottes zu seinen Geschöpfen. Man denke nur an den Ps.-Okellos in hellenistischer Zeit, ferner an die galenische Tradition und an die bahnbrechenden physikalischen Intuitionen des Alexander von Aphrodisias. Man denke auch an die große Anziehungskraft, die dieser Text auf die arabischen Philosophen und später auf die Physiker-Ärzte Süditaliens ausgeübt hat. Und man denke schließlich an die fast siebzig byzantinischen Manuskripte, die uns den Text des Traktats in der Originalsprache überliefert haben. All das zeugt von der Faszination, die dieser Text auf Denker ausgeübt hat, die zu verstehen versucht haben, warum und wie die Welt der reinen Potenz und Materie unter bestimmten, sehr spezifischen Bedingungen in die Individualisierung der aktualisierten Form münden kann.
Auch die Gegner waren sich der Bedeutung des Textes bewusst. So hat Philoponus den Traktat nicht ausdrücklich verworfen, wenn er auch in seinem De Aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem und seinem De Aeternitate munde contra Proclum die These von der Ewigkeit der Welt und dem Fortbestand der Arten ablehnt, der ja, wie wir gerade gesehen haben, in dem Traktat eine grundlegende Bedeutung zukommt. Eine systematische Widerlegung von De generatione et corruptione wird erstmals von einem der größten islamischen Theologen zu Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts geführt.
Der Autor zeigt unter anderem, dass die wichtigste unter den drei arabischen Übersetzungen sehr wahrscheinlich auf das byzantinische Exemplar der physikalischen Traktate zurückgeht, dass die süditalienischen Ärzte es nicht versäumt haben, sich unverzüglich die vielfältigen, von Burgundio von Pisa zusammen mit seiner Version übersetzten Randnotizen zunutze zu machen, – dass übrigens die beiden Manuskripte, die mit Süditalien in Verbindung gebracht werden können, jeweils medizinische Texte enthalten –, dass zahlreiche byzantinische Gelehrte es sich haben angelegen sein lassen, den Text durch oft interessante, zuweilen brillante Konjekturen zu verbessern.
Der Autor liefert mit seiner Überlieferungsgeschichte also nicht nur das für eine wirklich textkritische Ausgabe unerläßliche Stemma. Er führt uns ebenso die Vielgestaltigkeit der Geschichte der Philosophie vor Augen, die sich ebenso mit der Theologie wie mit den Naturwissenschaften befaßt. Nur die Überlieferungsgeschichte kann uns vor historischen Trugbildern bewahren, d. h. vor der pseudo-philosophischen Rekonstruierung riesiger Phantasiefresken. [Author’s abstract] 

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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Dabei geht es ihm ebenso darum, analytisch \u2013 und dies im angels\u00e4chsischen Sinne des Wortes \u2013 das gesamte Bedeutungsspektrum des griechischen Verbes \u201egenesthai\u201c zu kl\u00e4ren und zu ordnen, wie darum, auf rein physikalischer Ebene allgemeine Betrachtungen zur Einf\u00fchrung in die physiologischen Studien des biologischen Corpus anzustellen.\r\nDie philosophische \u00dcberlieferung hat, mehr oder minder bewusst, immer erkannt, dass es in Aristoteles Schrift um die Machbarkeit und den Platz einer physikalischen Untersuchung des Lebendigen ging und \u2013 unter monotheistischen Vorzeichen \u2013 um das Verh\u00e4ltnis Gottes zu seinen Gesch\u00f6pfen. Man denke nur an den Ps.-Okellos in hellenistischer Zeit, ferner an die galenische Tradition und an die bahnbrechenden physikalischen Intuitionen des Alexander von Aphrodisias. Man denke auch an die gro\u00dfe Anziehungskraft, die dieser Text auf die arabischen Philosophen und sp\u00e4ter auf die Physiker-\u00c4rzte S\u00fcditaliens ausge\u00fcbt hat. Und man denke schlie\u00dflich an die fast siebzig byzantinischen Manuskripte, die uns den Text des Traktats in der Originalsprache \u00fcberliefert haben. All das zeugt von der Faszination, die dieser Text auf Denker ausge\u00fcbt hat, die zu verstehen versucht haben, warum und wie die Welt der reinen Potenz und Materie unter bestimmten, sehr spezifischen Bedingungen in die Individualisierung der aktualisierten Form m\u00fcnden kann.\r\nAuch die Gegner waren sich der Bedeutung des Textes bewusst. So hat Philoponus den Traktat nicht ausdr\u00fccklich verworfen, wenn er auch in seinem De Aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem und seinem De Aeternitate munde contra Proclum die These von der Ewigkeit der Welt und dem Fortbestand der Arten ablehnt, der ja, wie wir gerade gesehen haben, in dem Traktat eine grundlegende Bedeutung zukommt. Eine systematische Widerlegung von De generatione et corruptione wird erstmals von einem der gr\u00f6\u00dften islamischen Theologen zu Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts gef\u00fchrt.\r\nDer Autor zeigt unter anderem, dass die wichtigste unter den drei arabischen \u00dcbersetzungen sehr wahrscheinlich auf das byzantinische Exemplar der physikalischen Traktate zur\u00fcckgeht, dass die s\u00fcditalienischen \u00c4rzte es nicht vers\u00e4umt haben, sich unverz\u00fcglich die vielf\u00e4ltigen, von Burgundio von Pisa zusammen mit seiner Version \u00fcbersetzten Randnotizen zunutze zu machen, \u2013 dass \u00fcbrigens die beiden Manuskripte, die mit S\u00fcditalien in Verbindung gebracht werden k\u00f6nnen, jeweils medizinische Texte enthalten \u2013, dass zahlreiche byzantinische Gelehrte es sich haben angelegen sein lassen, den Text durch oft interessante, zuweilen brillante Konjekturen zu verbessern.\r\nDer Autor liefert mit seiner \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte also nicht nur das f\u00fcr eine wirklich textkritische Ausgabe unerl\u00e4\u00dfliche Stemma. Er f\u00fchrt uns ebenso die Vielgestaltigkeit der Geschichte der Philosophie vor Augen, die sich ebenso mit der Theologie wie mit den Naturwissenschaften befa\u00dft. Nur die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte kann uns vor historischen Trugbildern bewahren, d. h. vor der pseudo-philosophischen Rekonstruierung riesiger Phantasiefresken. [Author\u2019s abstract] ","btype":1,"date":"2001","language":"German","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/anNtcIEKPq8nX2o","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":194,"full_name":"Rashed, Marwan","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}}],"book":{"id":10,"pubplace":"Wiesbaden","publisher":"Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag","series":"Serta Graeca. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Erforschung griechischer Texte","volume":"12","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null},"booksection":null,"article":null},"sort":["Die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione"]}

                                    

                                

                            

                        

                    

                                    

                        
                            


                                 Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Der Parisinus graecus  1853, Die Handschrift E - kulturgeschichtlich, 2001

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Rashed, Marwan                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Der Parisinus graecus  1853, Die Handschrift E - kulturgeschichtlich
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Book Section
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2001
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Published in
                                                            Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione
                                                        

                                                                                                                    

                                                                Pages
                                                                43-53
                                                            

                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                
                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rashed, Marwan 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
Wir wissen  sehr wenig  über die  Geschichte des  Parisinus.  Es  gibt bis jetzt nicht einmal  einen  entscheidenden  Beweis  dafür,  daß  E  tatsächlich  in  Byzanz 
entstanden  ist.  Das  Material,  das ich  über  dieses  Thema  gesammelt habe, läßt noch vieles -  fast alles -  im Dunkeln. [Introduction, p. 43]

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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Es  gibt bis jetzt nicht einmal  einen  entscheidenden  Beweis  daf\u00fcr,  da\u00df  E  tats\u00e4chlich  in  Byzanz \r\nentstanden  ist.  Das  Material,  das ich  \u00fcber  dieses  Thema  gesammelt habe, l\u00e4\u00dft noch vieles -  fast alles -  im Dunkeln. [Introduction, p. 43]","btype":2,"date":"2001","language":"German","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/zNlrKHS2eXPI3ID","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":194,"full_name":"Rashed, Marwan","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}}],"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1198,"section_of":10,"pages":"43-53","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":10,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":null,"type":1,"language":"de","title":"Die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"Rashed2001","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2001","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2001","abstract":"In seiner Schrift \u201eDe generatione et corruptione\u201c entwickelt Aristoteles seine Antworten auf die Aporien, die sich aus dem Begriff des Werdens ergeben. Dabei geht es ihm ebenso darum, analytisch \u2013 und dies im angels\u00e4chsischen Sinne des Wortes \u2013 das gesamte Bedeutungsspektrum des griechischen Verbes \u201egenesthai\u201c zu kl\u00e4ren und zu ordnen, wie darum, auf rein physikalischer Ebene allgemeine Betrachtungen zur Einf\u00fchrung in die physiologischen Studien des biologischen Corpus anzustellen.\r\nDie philosophische \u00dcberlieferung hat, mehr oder minder bewusst, immer erkannt, dass es in Aristoteles Schrift um die Machbarkeit und den Platz einer physikalischen Untersuchung des Lebendigen ging und \u2013 unter monotheistischen Vorzeichen \u2013 um das Verh\u00e4ltnis Gottes zu seinen Gesch\u00f6pfen. Man denke nur an den Ps.-Okellos in hellenistischer Zeit, ferner an die galenische Tradition und an die bahnbrechenden physikalischen Intuitionen des Alexander von Aphrodisias. Man denke auch an die gro\u00dfe Anziehungskraft, die dieser Text auf die arabischen Philosophen und sp\u00e4ter auf die Physiker-\u00c4rzte S\u00fcditaliens ausge\u00fcbt hat. Und man denke schlie\u00dflich an die fast siebzig byzantinischen Manuskripte, die uns den Text des Traktats in der Originalsprache \u00fcberliefert haben. All das zeugt von der Faszination, die dieser Text auf Denker ausge\u00fcbt hat, die zu verstehen versucht haben, warum und wie die Welt der reinen Potenz und Materie unter bestimmten, sehr spezifischen Bedingungen in die Individualisierung der aktualisierten Form m\u00fcnden kann.\r\nAuch die Gegner waren sich der Bedeutung des Textes bewusst. So hat Philoponus den Traktat nicht ausdr\u00fccklich verworfen, wenn er auch in seinem De Aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem und seinem De Aeternitate munde contra Proclum die These von der Ewigkeit der Welt und dem Fortbestand der Arten ablehnt, der ja, wie wir gerade gesehen haben, in dem Traktat eine grundlegende Bedeutung zukommt. Eine systematische Widerlegung von De generatione et corruptione wird erstmals von einem der gr\u00f6\u00dften islamischen Theologen zu Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts gef\u00fchrt.\r\nDer Autor zeigt unter anderem, dass die wichtigste unter den drei arabischen \u00dcbersetzungen sehr wahrscheinlich auf das byzantinische Exemplar der physikalischen Traktate zur\u00fcckgeht, dass die s\u00fcditalienischen \u00c4rzte es nicht vers\u00e4umt haben, sich unverz\u00fcglich die vielf\u00e4ltigen, von Burgundio von Pisa zusammen mit seiner Version \u00fcbersetzten Randnotizen zunutze zu machen, \u2013 dass \u00fcbrigens die beiden Manuskripte, die mit S\u00fcditalien in Verbindung gebracht werden k\u00f6nnen, jeweils medizinische Texte enthalten \u2013, dass zahlreiche byzantinische Gelehrte es sich haben angelegen sein lassen, den Text durch oft interessante, zuweilen brillante Konjekturen zu verbessern.\r\nDer Autor liefert mit seiner \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte also nicht nur das f\u00fcr eine wirklich textkritische Ausgabe unerl\u00e4\u00dfliche Stemma. Er f\u00fchrt uns ebenso die Vielgestaltigkeit der Geschichte der Philosophie vor Augen, die sich ebenso mit der Theologie wie mit den Naturwissenschaften befa\u00dft. Nur die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte kann uns vor historischen Trugbildern bewahren, d. h. vor der pseudo-philosophischen Rekonstruierung riesiger Phantasiefresken. [Author\u2019s abstract] ","republication_of":null,"online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/o9HHyhXAXQ9AstY","translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":10,"pubplace":"Wiesbaden","publisher":"Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag","series":"Serta Graeca. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Erforschung griechischer Texte","volume":"12","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["Die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Der Parisinus graecus  1853, Die Handschrift E - kulturgeschichtlich"]}

                                    

                                

                            

                        

                    

                                    

                        
                            


                                 Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Zur Neukonstituierung des Textes, 2001

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Rashed, Marwan                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Zur Neukonstituierung des Textes
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Book Section
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2001
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Published in
                                                            Die Überlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione
                                                        

                                                                                                                    

                                                                Pages
                                                                315-350
                                                            

                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                
                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rashed, Marwan 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    
Die Editoren unseres Traktats hatten schon seit I. Bekker wichtige Textträger der zwei oben behandelten Familien herangezogen. Obgleich eine genaue Untersuchung gezeigt hat, daß auch innerhalb der beiden Hauptfamilien das Spektrum der im Rahmen einer neuen Ausgabe von GC zu berücksichtigenden Handschriften erheblich erweitert werden konnte (und mußte), handelte es sich doch immer nur um eine Verfeinerung betreffs unseres Verständnisses der stemmatischen Beziehungen zwischen den Hauptträgern der zwei weniger kontaminierten Familien a und b. 
Einige Aspekte der indirekten Überlieferung sind schon im Laufe der vorliegenden Arbeit besprochen worden. Trotz all ihrer Wichtigkeit hängt die syrisch-arabische Übersetzung, die zur Zeit nur durch ihre lateinische und hebräische Übertragung bekannt ist, durchaus vom Hyparchetypen ab. Selbst wenn sie im Rahmen der Textkonstituierung der Familie a unterscheidungskräftig ist, bietet sie uns also keine besonderen Anhaltspunkte für die Bewertung der Beziehungen der beiden Hauptfamilien zueinander. Noch weniger ergiebig haben sich diesbezüglich die mittelalterlichen griechisch-lateinischen Versionen gezeigt: Sie gehen auf zwei griechische Vorlagen zurück, die noch heutzutage erhalten sind, nämlich den Laur. 87. 7 
(Burgundio von Pisa) und den Vinä. phil. 100 (Wilhelm von Moerbeke). [introduction, p. 315]

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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Bekker wichtige Texttr\u00e4ger der zwei oben behandelten Familien herangezogen. Obgleich eine genaue Untersuchung gezeigt hat, da\u00df auch innerhalb der beiden Hauptfamilien das Spektrum der im Rahmen einer neuen Ausgabe von GC zu ber\u00fccksichtigenden Handschriften erheblich erweitert werden konnte (und mu\u00dfte), handelte es sich doch immer nur um eine Verfeinerung betreffs unseres Verst\u00e4ndnisses der stemmatischen Beziehungen zwischen den Haupttr\u00e4gern der zwei weniger kontaminierten Familien a und b. \r\nEinige Aspekte der indirekten \u00dcberlieferung sind schon im Laufe der vorliegenden Arbeit besprochen worden. Trotz all ihrer Wichtigkeit h\u00e4ngt die syrisch-arabische \u00dcbersetzung, die zur Zeit nur durch ihre lateinische und hebr\u00e4ische \u00dcbertragung bekannt ist, durchaus vom Hyparchetypen ab. Selbst wenn sie im Rahmen der Textkonstituierung der Familie a unterscheidungskr\u00e4ftig ist, bietet sie uns also keine besonderen Anhaltspunkte f\u00fcr die Bewertung der Beziehungen der beiden Hauptfamilien zueinander. Noch weniger ergiebig haben sich diesbez\u00fcglich die mittelalterlichen griechisch-lateinischen Versionen gezeigt: Sie gehen auf zwei griechische Vorlagen zur\u00fcck, die noch heutzutage erhalten sind, n\u00e4mlich den Laur. 87. 7 \r\n(Burgundio von Pisa) und den Vin\u00e4. phil. 100 (Wilhelm von Moerbeke). [introduction, p. 315]","btype":2,"date":"2001","language":"German","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/hhALNA5MExXwMqW","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":194,"full_name":"Rashed, Marwan","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}}],"book":null,"booksection":{"id":1382,"section_of":10,"pages":"315-350","is_catalog":null,"book":{"id":10,"bilderberg_idno":null,"dare_idno":null,"catalog_idno":null,"entry_type":null,"type":1,"language":"de","title":"Die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione","title_transcript":"","title_translation":"","short_title":"Rashed2001","has_no_author":null,"volume":null,"date":"2001","edition_no":null,"free_date":"2001","abstract":"In seiner Schrift \u201eDe generatione et corruptione\u201c entwickelt Aristoteles seine Antworten auf die Aporien, die sich aus dem Begriff des Werdens ergeben. Dabei geht es ihm ebenso darum, analytisch \u2013 und dies im angels\u00e4chsischen Sinne des Wortes \u2013 das gesamte Bedeutungsspektrum des griechischen Verbes \u201egenesthai\u201c zu kl\u00e4ren und zu ordnen, wie darum, auf rein physikalischer Ebene allgemeine Betrachtungen zur Einf\u00fchrung in die physiologischen Studien des biologischen Corpus anzustellen.\r\nDie philosophische \u00dcberlieferung hat, mehr oder minder bewusst, immer erkannt, dass es in Aristoteles Schrift um die Machbarkeit und den Platz einer physikalischen Untersuchung des Lebendigen ging und \u2013 unter monotheistischen Vorzeichen \u2013 um das Verh\u00e4ltnis Gottes zu seinen Gesch\u00f6pfen. Man denke nur an den Ps.-Okellos in hellenistischer Zeit, ferner an die galenische Tradition und an die bahnbrechenden physikalischen Intuitionen des Alexander von Aphrodisias. Man denke auch an die gro\u00dfe Anziehungskraft, die dieser Text auf die arabischen Philosophen und sp\u00e4ter auf die Physiker-\u00c4rzte S\u00fcditaliens ausge\u00fcbt hat. Und man denke schlie\u00dflich an die fast siebzig byzantinischen Manuskripte, die uns den Text des Traktats in der Originalsprache \u00fcberliefert haben. All das zeugt von der Faszination, die dieser Text auf Denker ausge\u00fcbt hat, die zu verstehen versucht haben, warum und wie die Welt der reinen Potenz und Materie unter bestimmten, sehr spezifischen Bedingungen in die Individualisierung der aktualisierten Form m\u00fcnden kann.\r\nAuch die Gegner waren sich der Bedeutung des Textes bewusst. So hat Philoponus den Traktat nicht ausdr\u00fccklich verworfen, wenn er auch in seinem De Aeternitate mundi contra Aristotelem und seinem De Aeternitate munde contra Proclum die These von der Ewigkeit der Welt und dem Fortbestand der Arten ablehnt, der ja, wie wir gerade gesehen haben, in dem Traktat eine grundlegende Bedeutung zukommt. Eine systematische Widerlegung von De generatione et corruptione wird erstmals von einem der gr\u00f6\u00dften islamischen Theologen zu Anfang des 10. Jahrhunderts gef\u00fchrt.\r\nDer Autor zeigt unter anderem, dass die wichtigste unter den drei arabischen \u00dcbersetzungen sehr wahrscheinlich auf das byzantinische Exemplar der physikalischen Traktate zur\u00fcckgeht, dass die s\u00fcditalienischen \u00c4rzte es nicht vers\u00e4umt haben, sich unverz\u00fcglich die vielf\u00e4ltigen, von Burgundio von Pisa zusammen mit seiner Version \u00fcbersetzten Randnotizen zunutze zu machen, \u2013 dass \u00fcbrigens die beiden Manuskripte, die mit S\u00fcditalien in Verbindung gebracht werden k\u00f6nnen, jeweils medizinische Texte enthalten \u2013, dass zahlreiche byzantinische Gelehrte es sich haben angelegen sein lassen, den Text durch oft interessante, zuweilen brillante Konjekturen zu verbessern.\r\nDer Autor liefert mit seiner \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte also nicht nur das f\u00fcr eine wirklich textkritische Ausgabe unerl\u00e4\u00dfliche Stemma. Er f\u00fchrt uns ebenso die Vielgestaltigkeit der Geschichte der Philosophie vor Augen, die sich ebenso mit der Theologie wie mit den Naturwissenschaften befa\u00dft. Nur die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte kann uns vor historischen Trugbildern bewahren, d. h. vor der pseudo-philosophischen Rekonstruierung riesiger Phantasiefresken. [Author\u2019s abstract] ","republication_of":null,"online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/anNtcIEKPq8nX2o","translation_of":null,"new_edition_of":null,"is_catalog":0,"in_bibliography":0,"is_inactive":0,"notes":null,"doi_url":null,"book":{"id":10,"pubplace":"Wiesbaden","publisher":"Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag","series":"Serta Graeca. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Erforschung griechischer Texte","volume":"12","edition_no":"","valid_from":null,"valid_until":null}}},"article":null},"sort":["Die \u00dcberlieferungsgeschichte der aristotelischen Schrift De generatione et corruptione: Zur Neukonstituierung des Textes"]}

                                    

                                

                            

                        

                    

                                    

                        
                            


                                 Diego Lanza, lecteur des oeuvres de l’Antiquité. Poésie, philosophie, histoire de la philologie, 2013

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Rousseau, Philippe                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Diego Lanza, lecteur des oeuvres de l’Antiquité. Poésie, philosophie, histoire de la philologie
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Monograph
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    French
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        2013
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Publication Place
                                                            Lille
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                

                                                            Publisher
                                                            Presses universitaires du Septentrion
                                                        

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Rousseau, Philippe 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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                                 Diels' Vorsokratiker, Rückschau und Ausblick, 1999

                                                                        By:
                                                                                                                                    Mansfeld, Jaap (Ed.),                                                                                                                                                                                 Calder, William M. (Ed.),                                                                                                                                                                                 Burkert, Walter                                                                                                                        

                            

                        

                            

                                

                                

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    Title
                                                    Diels' Vorsokratiker, Rückschau und Ausblick
                                                

                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Type
                                                    Book Section
                                                

                                                

                                                    Language
                                                    German
                                                

                                                                                                    

                                                        Date
                                                        1999
                                                    

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                                                                                                                            

                                                            Published in
                                                            Hermann Diels (1848 - 1922) et la science de l'antiquité : huit exposés suivis de discussions, Vandoeuvres, Genève 17 - 21 août 1998
                                                        

                                                                                                                    

                                                                Pages
                                                                169-197
                                                            

                                                        
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                
                                                                                                                                                
                                                
                                                

                                                    Categories
                                                    
                                                                                                                    no categories
                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                
                                                

                                                    Author(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,                                                                         Burkert, Walter 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
                                                

                                                

                                                    Editor(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Mansfeld, Jaap
                                                                                                                            , Calder, William M.
                                                                                                                                                                        
                                                

                                                

                                                    Translator(s)
                                                    
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        


                                    

                                    

                                        

                                            

                                                
                                                

                                                    

                                                

                                                
                                            

                                        

                                    

                                    
                                    

                                        
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