| Title | The Will and its Freedom: Epictetus and Simplicius on what is up to us |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2014 |
| Published in | What is up to us? Studies on Agency and Responsibility in Ancient Philosophy |
| Pages | 329-350 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Destrée, Pierre , Zingano, Marco |
| Translator(s) |
| The text explores the historical development of the concept of free will, drawing parallels with the evolution of understanding projectile motion. Three distinct periods are identified: an initial stage marked by a misunderstanding of projectile motion, where objects were thought to require continuous external motion; a second stage where the concept of "impetus" was introduced to explain forced motion at a distance; and a final stage, ushered in by Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, where the correct understanding of inertia emerged. The discovery of free will is compared to the discovery of the will as a distinct human faculty in late antiquity. Similar to the concept of impetus, the will is depicted as capable of being strong or weak and has significant influence over human actions. The philosophical discussion surrounding free will is likened to the debates on projectile motion, with various perspectives on its existence and nature. Some argue for the existence of free will, while others contend that it is unnecessary and incoherent. The text concludes by pointing out the need for a deeper understanding of the historical context and metaphysical assumptions underlying the concept of free will. It suggests that the concept of free will is a remnant of past intellectual certainty about metaphysical truths and may not be as morally neutral as commonly believed. The modern discussion on free will is encouraged to consider its historical development and potential implications more carefully. [introduction] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/X0Z17sJn4DsGYjK |
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| Title | Philoponus : corollaries on place and void ; with Simplicius against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2013 |
| Publication Place | London |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury |
| Series | Ancient Commentators on Aristotle |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Simplicius , Philoponus |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Furley, David J.(Furley, David J. ) , Wildberg, Christian(Wildberg, Christian) , |
| In the Corollaries on Place and Void, Philoponus attacks Aristotle's conception of place as two-dimensional, adopting instead the view more familiar to us that it is three-dimensional, inert and conceivable as void. Philoponus' denial that velocity in the void would be infinite anticipated Galileo, as did his denial that speed of fall is proportionate to weight, which Galileo greatly developed. In the second document Simplicius attacks a lost treatise of Philoponus which argued for the Christians against the eternity of the world. He exploits Aristotle's concession that the world contains only finite power. Simplicius' presentation of Philoponus' arguments (which may well be tendentious), together with his replies, tell us a good deal about both Philosophers. |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/o6Ckc9njHmsiZPE |
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| Title | Philosophy in the Age of Justinian |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian |
| Pages | 316-340 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Maas, Michael |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/fAhOawpkVvAKSYl |
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| Title | Impetus Theory and the Hermeneutics of Science in Simplicius and Philoponus |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1999 |
| Journal | Hyperboreus |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 107–124 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| The text discusses the study of Impetus Theory and the hermeneutics of science in Simplicius and Philoponus. Historians of philosophy and science evaluate ancient texts through different perspectives based on their philosophical inclinations. The approach taken could be teleological, dialectical, logical positivist, pragmatic, or doxographical positivism, aiming to understand the content and context of validity of ancient theories accurately. However, it is essential to distinguish between the context of validity and the context of origin of a theory, as the causes behind a theory's appearance may differ from the reasons proposed to justify it. The paper highlights the distinctive hermeneutics of Simplicius and Philoponus, with Philoponus adopting a novel heuristic method called constructive criticism to liberate his mind from Neoplatonists' commitments. The conclusion suggests focusing on methodological presuppositions rather than external parameters to elucidate the origin of philosophical-scientific ideas and controversies. [introduction/conclusion] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/jIteca8Fh6YjQE2 |
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| Title | Simplicius (fl. first half of 6th century AD) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1998 |
| Published in | Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Vol. 8) |
| Pages | 788-791 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Craig, Edward |
| Translator(s) |
| Simplicius of Cilicia, a Greek Neoplatonic philosopher and polymath, lived in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He is the author of the most learned commentaries on Aristotle produced in antiquity, works which rest upon the accumulated accomplishments of ancient Greek philosophy and science. In them he gives numerous illuminating references and explanations that not only lead to a fuller understanding of Aristotle, but also allow one to reconstruct the history of the interpretation and criticism of Aristotelian doctrines in antiquity. The main principle that guides Simplicius’ exegesis is the conviction that most Greek philosophers, including some Presocratics, can be brought into agreement with Neoplatonism. Simplicius adduces copious quotations to prove his point, thereby supplying us with substantial fragments from lost works of thinkers like Parmenides, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Eudemus and the Stoics. A devout pagan, Simplicius sought to defend traditional Greek religion and philosophy against the oppressive dominance of Christianity. His commentaries have influenced the reception and interpretation of Aristotle’s philosophy ever since. [Author’s abstract] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/uBTs6rZM5kXTgbz |
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| Title | Simplicius und das Zitat. Zur Überlieferung des Anführungszeichens |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | German |
| Date | 1993 |
| Published in | Symbolae Berolinenses. Für Dieter Harlfinger |
| Pages | 187-199 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Berger, Friederike , Brockmann, Christian , De Gregorio, Giuseppe , Ghisu, Maria Irene , Kotzabassi, Sofia , Noack, Beate |
| Translator(s) |
| Eine Geschichte der so geläufigen "Gänsefüßchen" ist bislang noch nicht geschrieben. Im folgenden Beitrag soll es zumindest ansatz weise geschehen;* nicht etwa, um mit diesem Desiderat die vor letzte Lücke im Geforsch des Wissenschaftsbetriebes zu schliessen, sondern vielmehr weil mitunter aus der Beschäftigung mit Gerin gem ein verhältnismäßig großer Nutzen erwächst, w as einer um gekehrten Verhältnismäßigkeit allemal vorzuziehen ist. [p. 187] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/CXsfujkPUesRdhx |
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| Title | John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotle's theory of aether |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1988 |
| Publication Place | Berlin – New York |
| Publisher | de Gruyter |
| Series | Peripatoi |
| Volume | 16 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/3ofgBWaQhtspTy5 |
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| Title | Prolegomena to the Study of Philoponus' contra Aristotelem |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1987 |
| Published in | Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science |
| Pages | 197-209 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Sorabji, Richard |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/fAYTEqMA65oD1Tf |
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| Title | Philoponus: Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1987 |
| Publication Place | London |
| Publisher | Duckworth |
| Series | Ancient Commentators on Aristotle |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Philoponos, Johannes |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Wildberg, Christian(Wildberg, Christian) . |
| Philoponus' treatise Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World, an attack on Aristotle's astronomy and theology is concerned mainly with the eternity and divinity of the fifth element, or 'quintessence', of which Aristotle took the stars to be composed. Pagans and Christians were divided on whether the world had a beginning, and on whether a belief that the heavens were divine was a mark of religion. Philoponus claimed on behalf of Christianity that the universe was not eternal. His most spectacular arguments, where wrung paradox out of the pagan belief in an infinite past, have been wrongly credited by historians of science to a period 700 years later. The treatise was to influence Islamic, Jewish, Byzantine and Latin thought, though the fifth element was defended against Philoponus even beyond the time of Copernicus. The influence of the treatise was not easy to trace before the fragments were assembled. Dr. Wildberg has brought them together for the first time and provided a summary which makes coherent sense of the whole. He has also studied a Syriac fragment, which reveals that the treatise originally contained an explicitly theological section on the Christian expectation of a new heaven and a new earth. [Author’s abstract] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/8Iylo91nPxiKHhJ |
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| Title | Impetus Theory and the Hermeneutics of Science in Simplicius and Philoponus |
| Type | Article |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1999 |
| Journal | Hyperboreus |
| Volume | 5 |
| Issue | 1 |
| Pages | 107–124 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
The text discusses the study of Impetus Theory and the hermeneutics of science in Simplicius and Philoponus. Historians of philosophy and science evaluate ancient texts through different perspectives based on their philosophical inclinations. The approach taken could be teleological, dialectical, logical positivist, pragmatic, or doxographical positivism, aiming to understand the content and context of validity of ancient theories accurately. However, it is essential to distinguish between the context of validity and the context of origin of a theory, as the causes behind a theory's appearance may differ from the reasons proposed to justify it. The paper highlights the distinctive hermeneutics of Simplicius and Philoponus, with Philoponus adopting a novel heuristic method called constructive criticism to liberate his mind from Neoplatonists' commitments. The conclusion suggests focusing on methodological presuppositions rather than external parameters to elucidate the origin of philosophical-scientific ideas and controversies. [introduction/conclusion] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/jIteca8Fh6YjQE2 |
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| Title | John Philoponus' criticism of Aristotle's theory of aether |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1988 |
| Publication Place | Berlin – New York |
| Publisher | de Gruyter |
| Series | Peripatoi |
| Volume | 16 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/3ofgBWaQhtspTy5 |
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| Title | Philoponus : corollaries on place and void ; with Simplicius against Philoponus on the Eternity of the World |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2013 |
| Publication Place | London |
| Publisher | Bloomsbury |
| Series | Ancient Commentators on Aristotle |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | , Simplicius , Philoponus |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Furley, David J.(Furley, David J. ) , Wildberg, Christian(Wildberg, Christian) , |
In the Corollaries on Place and Void, Philoponus attacks Aristotle's conception of place as two-dimensional, adopting instead the view more familiar to us that it is three-dimensional, inert and conceivable as void. Philoponus' denial that velocity in the void would be infinite anticipated Galileo, as did his denial that speed of fall is proportionate to weight, which Galileo greatly developed. In the second document Simplicius attacks a lost treatise of Philoponus which argued for the Christians against the eternity of the world. He exploits Aristotle's concession that the world contains only finite power. Simplicius' presentation of Philoponus' arguments (which may well be tendentious), together with his replies, tell us a good deal about both Philosophers. |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/o6Ckc9njHmsiZPE |
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| Title | Philoponus: Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World |
| Type | Monograph |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1987 |
| Publication Place | London |
| Publisher | Duckworth |
| Series | Ancient Commentators on Aristotle |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Philoponos, Johannes |
| Editor(s) | |
| Translator(s) | Wildberg, Christian(Wildberg, Christian) |
Philoponus' treatise Against Aristotle on the Eternity of the World, an attack on Aristotle's astronomy and theology is concerned mainly with the eternity and divinity of the fifth element, or 'quintessence', of which Aristotle took the stars to be composed. Pagans and Christians were divided on whether the world had a beginning, and on whether a belief that the heavens were divine was a mark of religion. Philoponus claimed on behalf of Christianity that the universe was not eternal. His most spectacular arguments, where wrung paradox out of the pagan belief in an infinite past, have been wrongly credited by historians of science to a period 700 years later. The treatise was to influence Islamic, Jewish, Byzantine and Latin thought, though the fifth element was defended against Philoponus even beyond the time of Copernicus. The influence of the treatise was not easy to trace before the fragments were assembled. Dr. Wildberg has brought them together for the first time and provided a summary which makes coherent sense of the whole. He has also studied a Syriac fragment, which reveals that the treatise originally contained an explicitly theological section on the Christian expectation of a new heaven and a new earth. [Author’s abstract] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/8Iylo91nPxiKHhJ |
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| Title | Philosophy in the Age of Justinian |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2005 |
| Published in | The Cambridge companion to the Age of Justinian |
| Pages | 316-340 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Maas, Michael |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/fAhOawpkVvAKSYl |
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| Title | Prolegomena to the Study of Philoponus' contra Aristotelem |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1987 |
| Published in | Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science |
| Pages | 197-209 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Sorabji, Richard |
| Translator(s) |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/fAYTEqMA65oD1Tf |
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| Title | Simplicius (fl. first half of 6th century AD) |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 1998 |
| Published in | Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Vol. 8) |
| Pages | 788-791 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Craig, Edward |
| Translator(s) |
Simplicius of Cilicia, a Greek Neoplatonic philosopher and polymath, lived in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He is the author of the most learned commentaries on Aristotle produced in antiquity, works which rest upon the accumulated accomplishments of ancient Greek philosophy and science. In them he gives numerous illuminating references and explanations that not only lead to a fuller understanding of Aristotle, but also allow one to reconstruct the history of the interpretation and criticism of Aristotelian doctrines in antiquity. The main principle that guides Simplicius’ exegesis is the conviction that most Greek philosophers, including some Presocratics, can be brought into agreement with Neoplatonism. Simplicius adduces copious quotations to prove his point, thereby supplying us with substantial fragments from lost works of thinkers like Parmenides, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Eudemus and the Stoics. A devout pagan, Simplicius sought to defend traditional Greek religion and philosophy against the oppressive dominance of Christianity. His commentaries have influenced the reception and interpretation of Aristotle’s philosophy ever since. [Author’s abstract] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/uBTs6rZM5kXTgbz |
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| Title | Simplicius und das Zitat. Zur Überlieferung des Anführungszeichens |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | German |
| Date | 1993 |
| Published in | Symbolae Berolinenses. Für Dieter Harlfinger |
| Pages | 187-199 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Berger, Friederike , Brockmann, Christian , De Gregorio, Giuseppe , Ghisu, Maria Irene , Kotzabassi, Sofia , Noack, Beate |
| Translator(s) |
Eine Geschichte der so geläufigen "Gänsefüßchen" ist bislang noch nicht geschrieben. Im folgenden Beitrag soll es zumindest ansatz weise geschehen;* nicht etwa, um mit diesem Desiderat die vor letzte Lücke im Geforsch des Wissenschaftsbetriebes zu schliessen, sondern vielmehr weil mitunter aus der Beschäftigung mit Gerin gem ein verhältnismäßig großer Nutzen erwächst, w as einer um gekehrten Verhältnismäßigkeit allemal vorzuziehen ist. [p. 187] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/CXsfujkPUesRdhx |
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| Title | The Will and its Freedom: Epictetus and Simplicius on what is up to us |
| Type | Book Section |
| Language | English |
| Date | 2014 |
| Published in | What is up to us? Studies on Agency and Responsibility in Ancient Philosophy |
| Pages | 329-350 |
| Categories | no categories |
| Author(s) | Wildberg, Christian |
| Editor(s) | Destrée, Pierre , Zingano, Marco |
| Translator(s) |
The text explores the historical development of the concept of free will, drawing parallels with the evolution of understanding projectile motion. Three distinct periods are identified: an initial stage marked by a misunderstanding of projectile motion, where objects were thought to require continuous external motion; a second stage where the concept of "impetus" was introduced to explain forced motion at a distance; and a final stage, ushered in by Galileo, Descartes, and Newton, where the correct understanding of inertia emerged. The discovery of free will is compared to the discovery of the will as a distinct human faculty in late antiquity. Similar to the concept of impetus, the will is depicted as capable of being strong or weak and has significant influence over human actions. The philosophical discussion surrounding free will is likened to the debates on projectile motion, with various perspectives on its existence and nature. Some argue for the existence of free will, while others contend that it is unnecessary and incoherent. The text concludes by pointing out the need for a deeper understanding of the historical context and metaphysical assumptions underlying the concept of free will. It suggests that the concept of free will is a remnant of past intellectual certainty about metaphysical truths and may not be as morally neutral as commonly believed. The modern discussion on free will is encouraged to consider its historical development and potential implications more carefully. [introduction] |
| Online Resources | https://uni-koeln.sciebo.de/s/X0Z17sJn4DsGYjK |
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