{"_index":"sire","_id":"597","_score":null,"_source":{"id":597,"authors_free":[{"id":848,"entry_id":597,"agent_type":null,"is_normalised":null,"person_id":94,"institution_id":null,"role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"},"free_name":"Fairbanks, Arthur","free_first_name":"Arthur","free_last_name":"Fairbanks","norm_person":{"id":94,"first_name":"Arthur ","last_name":"Fairbanks","full_name":"Fairbanks, Arthur ","short_ident":"","is_classical_name":null,"dnb_url":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1157467903","viaf_url":"","db_url":"","from_claudius":null}}],"entry_title":"Repetitions in Empedokles","main_title":{"title":"Repetitions in Empedokles"},"abstract":"The reader of Empedokles, as the text is restored by Stein, cannot fail to be struck by the repetition of certain phrases and lines. The recurrent use of convenient phrases is characteristic of the epic style which Empedokles affects, and in this way the repetition of many phrases is accounted for. The phrase all\u2018 age, ll. 19, 74, 96 (cf. 130, 262), will serve as an example. The first half of ll. 36, 61, 76, and the last half of ll. 112, 239, 140, are other illustrations of what may be expected in an 'epic' writer, and deserve no special consideration here.\r\nA second class of apparent repetitions may be dismissed with a word, namely the repetition of a line for emphasis, with distinct statement of the fact that it is repeated (e.g., ll. 60-62 repeated 75-77). It amounts to the same thing when a thesis is stated, and then repeated at the close of the discussion. In this way, I explain ll. 66 and 72.\r\nThirdly, there are numerous passages that impress the reader as repetitions because they deal with much the same thought, although there is a studied effort to put this thought in different language. In ll. 173 and 248, the language of 67 and 116 almost reappears. Lines 69, 70 repeat the thought of 61-62 with intentional change of language. The fundamental thought of the poem is that all things on the earth are the product of four elements moved by two forces. The three parts of this thought appear again and again, but with intentional variation in language so as to prevent a sense of monotony.\r\nThe list of things on the earth appears in lines 40 f., 105 f. (= 124 f.), 252 f., 383 f., 421 f. The four elements are mentioned in different terms many times: 33 f., 78, 130 f., 187, 197 f., (200), 204 f., 211, 215 f., 265 f., 333 f., 378 f. These repetitions, like those of the last group, are examples of a literary device appropriate to philosophic poetry. By means of it, the poet is able to enforce and bring home his thought without too much wearying his readers.\r\nThere remains another class of repetitions which are due, as I believe, to a wrong reconstruction of the text, and it is with the purpose of eliminating the repetitions which belong to this class that I have instituted this study.\r\n105-107 = 124-126. Lines 105-107 appear in Simplicius 7v 33, 15 and 34r 159, 22, and their position in this connection is confirmed by the quotation of 104-107 in Arist. Met. ii. 4, 1000a 29. On the other hand, the same lines after l. 123 are found only in Simplicius 34r 160, 6; the text here is somewhat uncertain, and the link with the preceding by the participle \u03ba\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5 is rather artificial. Simplicius had quoted these lines less than half a page back, and it seems to me probable that the lines were inadvertently repeated here \u2014 possibly instead of some similar enumeration of things on the earth.\r\n94(-95) = 108(-109) = 114(-115). Lines 94-95 are the fitting conclusion of the preceding discussion of the elements, but they have no meaning after 107. They stand in Simplicius 34r 159, 3 at the end of a long quotation, and it is not unlikely that they were repeated at the end of the next quotation (34r 159, 25) by the error either of Simplicius or of some copyist. The last half of 109 reads like a gloss that has been incorporated into the text. A negative argument of less weight for the omission of these lines (108-109) is the fact that they are omitted in Simpl. 7v 33, 17.\r\nThe same lines appear in Simpl. 8r 33, 21. Here they are intimately connected with the two preceding lines, but their connection with the following lines is forced, and the following lines\u2014as I shall hope to show\u2014belong better in another connection. Accordingly, I propose to identify 114-115 with 94-95 and to insert 112-113 before 94-95. The order will then be 90-93, 112-113, 94-95 (= 114-115). The insertion of 112-113 between 93 and 94 is confirmed by the fact that 112-113 form the natural response to 93 and give a fitting introduction to 94-95.\r\n67-68 = 116-117 (cf. 248). Lines 67-68 appear in this connection several times in Simplicius, and indeed 70-73 appear directly after 118 at Simpl. 8r 33, 26. Stein inserts Simpl. 8r 33, 26 as his line 69. My proposal is to insert both Simpl. 8r 33, 25 and 26 after 68, in which case there is no reason for regarding 116-117 as different from 67-68. So I would read 67-68, 118, 69-73.\r\nThese two changes in the text of Simplicius, which cut out several repetitions, rest on the interpretation of Simpl. 8r 33, 19. Stein breaks this passage after 33, 25 and inserts 33, 26 as line 69. I propose to break it at the point where the meaning halts, namely after 33, 22; the first four lines I would place after 93 as I have suggested in the last paragraph but one, and the remainder after 66, as I have suggested in the last paragraph.\r\n134 = 138. Line 134, which consists simply of the word sphairon, has no reason for existence; as the reference in Simpl. 258r may perfectly well apply to line 138.\r\n3 = 228. The close resemblance between these two lines may be due to the restoration of 228. We may notice, however, merimnas (3, 45, 228) and deila (3, 53, 228, 343, 400, 441, 446) are favourite words with Empedokles, so that perhaps there is no reason to discredit line 228.\r\nIn conclusion, I should like to suggest a slight emendation of line 85. The text of Simplicius at 34r 158, 24 reads met\u2018 osoisin (so aE; DE met\u2018 ossoisin); Preller suggests g\u2018 ossoisin; Panzerbieter, meth\u2018 oloisin. What is wanted is a reference to the four elements, with which Love works, though her activity cannot be discerned by mortal men. So I would suggest meta toisin, since tauta, tade, ta are commonly used to refer to the elements in the whole poem. [the entire review]","btype":3,"date":"1898","language":"English","online_url":"","online_resources":"https:\/\/uni-koeln.sciebo.de\/s\/1EJm8S2SsGJjpTn","doi_url":null,"categories":[],"authors":[{"id":94,"full_name":"Fairbanks, Arthur ","role":{"id":1,"role_name":"author"}}],"book":null,"booksection":null,"article":{"id":597,"journal_id":null,"journal_name":"The Classical Review","volume":"12","issue":"1","pages":"16-17"}},"sort":["Repetitions in Empedokles"]}